Ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter pre- and post-lumbar puncture

Abstract

Background

To test the hypothesis that optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) correlates with real-time changes in intracranial pressure, we performed ultrasound measurements of the ONSD in ambulatory patients undergoing elective lumbar puncture (LP). We conducted a prospective cohort study, including adult patients undergoing LP in a non-emergent setting. We measured ONSD perpendicular to the optic nerve at 3 mm behind the globe in both eyes in the traverse and sagittal planes, with the patient supine. The primary outcome was change in ONSD from pre-LP to post-LP. We calculated association of opening and closing LP pressures with changes in the pre- and post-LP ONSD measurements.

Results

The mean patient age was 49.0 years (SD = 37–61, range 19–67) with 21 females (72.4%) and 26 (89.7%) white American (not Hispanic or Latino). The average opening pressure and closing pressures were 20.4 cm and 13.5 cm with a difference of 6.9 cm, (95% CI 3.9–10.0 cm). Pressures between the participants with baseline ONSD measurement > 5 mm (average opening pressure = 21.3 cm) to those < 5 mm (20.2 cm) differed by 1.1 cm (95% CI − 5.7 to 8.0). Linear regression revealed no association between the sagittal, transverse, average, and change in ONSD measurements with the observed LP opening pressure, change in LP pressure, or volume of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) drained.

Conclusions

In this study of ambulatory patients undergoing rapid decreases in ICP via elective LP, we detected no acute changes in ultrasonographic measurement of the ONSD.

Background

Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement by ultrasonography is a promising method to detect elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) [1, 2] and is gaining popularity as a beside assessment of ICP in critically ill patients [3]. This may be of particular benefit to undifferentiated patients presenting to the emergency department with concerns for elevated ICP and where Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has a significant role in patient care.

Increased intracranial pressure transmits directly along the optic nerve and leads to papilledema [4, 5]. Several studies found that increase in ONSD correlates with increase in ICP [6,7,8,9]. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews support use of ONSD as a non-invasive ICP assessment modality [10]. However, different studies report variable inter-rater agreement and wide confidence intervals in measurements, suggesting caution-pending larger and more comprehensive studies [3, 11, 12].

In some studies, ICP and ONSD change simultaneously. These include when CSF drainage is used to reduce ICP [6, 13, 14], when ICP rises during endotracheal suctioning [15] and when intrathecal infusion tests increase ICP and are followed by intrathecal crystalloid injections that decrease ICP [16]. However, a cohort of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients showed that ONSD values did not normalize after normalization of ICP [17] and a study of relapse-free multiple sclerosis patients showed that the ONSD was smaller than normal controls [18].

This variability in ONSD changes by pathology and chronicity suggests that studies specific to acute ICP changes may not be generalizable to patients with chronic ICP elevation in outpatient settings. In this study, we investigated the effect of routine CSF drainage performed in the outpatient setting on ONSD.

Methods

Our primary research question was to determine if the optic nerve sheath diameter demonstrates a measurable change via ultrasound assessment in real time for patients undergoing elective lumbar punctures correlated with changes in intracranial pressure. This study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh institutional review board (PRO14040248). Study investigators obtained written informed consent from all patients (or guardians of participants) in the study prior to enrollment.

We conducted a prospective cohort convenience study. The participants were patients of a collaborating neurologist at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center who were scheduled to receive diagnostic lumbar puncture. These patients represented a unique sample for assessing the dynamics of acute ICP changes. All measurements took place during scheduled out-patient lumbar puncture clinics at the office of this neurologist. Study team members had specific training on how to perform ONSD measurements with POCUS. The PI (CS) has extensive training in POCUS, particularly in regard to ONSD measurements. He directly taught and supervised the other team members (comprised an EM POCUS fellow, EM residents and a medical student research assistant) for hands-on training across several sessions as well as their initial patient enrollments to ensure accuracy of technique and measurements. Subsequent, unsupervised scans were reviewed for accuracy of the saved measurements.

We included adult patients, ages 18–89, undergoing a non-emergent, scheduled lumbar puncture for diagnostic indications. We excluded pregnant women, and patients with prosthetic eyes, cataracts, glaucoma, or recent eye trauma or surgery. Patient who received their LP sitting up were excluded as CSF pressure measurement in the sitting position is not known to be reliable.

We calculated sample size based on prior studies of the relationship between ONSD and ICP in human subjects. ONSD measurement has a median inter-observer variation of ± 0.2–0.3 mm [19]. In an intrathecal infusion test conducted in human subjects that induced raised ICP in subjects, the ONSD-to-ICP ratio varied from 0.019 to 0.071 mm/cm [16]. Choosing conservative values of an ONSD-to-ICP ratio of 0.025 mm/cm, and an ICP change of 10 cm, we calculated that we would need to enroll 17 patients with elevated ICP. With the addition of a 35% buffer for dropout (i.e., inability to complete LP or done while sitting up), this yielded an anticipated enrollment of 23 patients. However, as the investigators were blinded to these data, all consecutive patients meeting inclusion criteria had these measurements obtained. We planned to enroll consecutive patients until at least 17 patients with elevated ICP had been included. Anticipating that 20% of the patients will have high intracranial pressure (> 25 cm), we determined that the anticipated number to include would be 115.

After screening, enrolling and obtaining written informed consent, the study investigators performed ultrasound (US) measurements of the participants’ ONSD. All study team members were competent in the use of US to acquire these views and accurately obtain the ONSD measurements. The investigators used a GE vivid i ultrasound machine with an 8–16 MHz high-frequency linear probe (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA). ONSD measurements were obtained with the patient supine to correspond with opening pressure measurements of patients in the lateral decubitus position. Each subject received four pre-LP US ONSD measurements: both eyes were evaluated in the traverse and sagittal planes. Consistent with previously published studies, the width of the ONSD was measured at 3 mm behind the globe, in the axis perpendicular to the optic nerve, with the patient supine [20]. These images were saved as digital files, de-identified from any patient information, locally to the US device itself for subsequent quality assurance review of the images and accuracy of measurement by the senior members of the research team. At this time, the patient was taken for their scheduled LP.

The second set of measurements was performed after the patients’ LP. The research team member, blinded from the patients pre- and post-LP pressures and amount of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) removed, performed repeat measurements from the both of the participant’s ONSD in transverse and sagittal plane. These images were also saved locally to the device. After the images were saved, the neurologist performing the LP provided the participant’s opening pressure, closing pressure and amount of CSF he removed. These results were entered into our database as well as the ONSD measurements pre- and post-LP. Opening pressure > 25 cm was used to categorize patients as having increased ICP. However, we included all patients to assess the changes in ONSD pre- and post-LP in those both with and without elevated ICP in order to better understand the elasticity on the ONSD in vivo.

Patient data were de-identified and blinded to the research team members performing the ONSD measurements. However, demographic information of the patients was collected, including indication for LP (i.e., presently ongoing or resolved symptoms) and other existing co-morbidities.

We used descriptive statistics to characterize the study subjects. We calculated average ONSD for each eye as the arithmetic mean of sagittal and transverse measurements. For each eye, we compared sagittal and transverse and average ONSD before and after LP using two-tailed paired t test. We calculated change in ONSD at each eye and axis from pre-LP to post-LP. We also examined LP opening pressure in the subset of subjects with abnormal ONSD (> 5 mm). We used linear regression to measure association of sagittal, transverse, average, and change in ONSD with LP opening pressure, change in LP pressure, and volume of CSF drained. We considered p values < 0.05 to be significant. We used STATA 14.2 for all analyses (STATA Corp., College Park, Tx).

Data Availability: Anonymized data not published within this article will be made available by request from any qualified investigator.

Results

Between February 2015 and December 2017, we screened 113 patients. Thirty-two were enrolled with 29 completing all ONSD ultrasound and LP measurements (Fig. 1). We ended the study early due to slower than anticipated enrollment, which made the project no longer feasible.

Fig. 1

Patient enrollment flow chart. LP lumbar puncture

The average patient age was 49.0 years (SD = 37–61, range 19–67 years of age) with 21 females (72.4%) and 26 (89.7%) white American (not Hispanic or Latino) with the remainder as Black or African American (Table 1). Twenty (69.0%) of the patients were scanned by investigator CS, 6 (20.7%) by DL, 2 (6.9%) by EB and 1 (3.4%) by MS. There was a mean of 68 min (SD = 48–88 min) between pre- and post-lumbar puncture ONSD measurements.

Table 1 Patient demographics

The skewness and kurtosis test of normality confirmed that continuous variables did not differ from normal except for LP opening pressure. Therefore, mean (SD) is used for most variables. The only continuous variable that deviated from normal distribution was LP opening pressure, where we report as median (IQR). For all participants, the median opening pressure was 19 cm (IQR 16–24) with average closing pressure of 13.5 cm with a difference of 6.9 cm (95% CI 3.9–10.0 cm). There was no statistically significant difference in opening pressures between the participants who had an ONSD measurement > 5 mm (average opening pressure = 21.3 cm) to those < 5 mm (20.2 cm) with a difference of 1.1 cm (p = 0.7395, 95% CI = − 8.0–5.7). The volume of CSF removal was normally distributed, with a mean of 13.4 cc’s (SD 4.2).

We observed an increase of 0.3 mm in the left eye sagittal plane ONSD (p = 0.0318, 95% CI 0.03–0.6) as well as in the averaged left transverse and sagittal planes (delta = 0.3 mm, p = 0.0027, 95% CI = 0.1–0.5), but we did not observe any other reliable changes from pre- to post- lumbar puncture ONSD measurements (Table 2). We separately examined the 7 patients who had elevated ICP on opening pressure measurement (25 cm or greater; Table 3). Again, we observed an increase in the ONSD measurement for the left eye transverse plane (average increase of 0.8 mm, p = 0.0451, 95% CI = 0.03–1.1) and the averaged left eye measurements (average increase of 0.63 mm, p = 0.0293, 95% CI = 0.09–1.2), but no other changes from pre- to post-lumbar puncture ONSD measurements (Fig. 2; Tables 4, 5).

Table 2 Comparison of participant optic nerve sheath diameter, by plane of measurement, pre-lumbar puncture compared to post-lumbar puncture for all participants

Table 3 Comparison of participant optic nerve sheath diameter, by plane of measurement, pre-lumbar puncture compared to post-lumbar puncture, for participants with elevated intracranial pressure (opening pressure > 25 cm)

Fig. 2

Linear regression analysis of change in between opening and closing pressures (in cmH₂) compared against the change in optic nerve sheath diameter (mm), averaged between transverse and sagittal plan measurements, for the left and right eyes, respectively

Table 4 Linear regression analysis of ONSD measurements to opening pressure

Table 5 Linear regression analysis of ONSD measurements to volume of CSF removal

In linear regression models, there were no independent associations between the sagittal, transverse, average, and change in ONSD measurements with the observed LP opening pressure, change in LP pressure, and volume of CSF drained. Comparison of measurements in the 2 planes (transverse vs sagittal) at the same time period (pre- or post-lumbar puncture) demonstrates moderate to good levels of agreement (0.65–0.88; Table 6). However, there is a greater variation between eyes (left vs right) for measurements in the same plane and period of time (range = 0.33–0.84; Table 7).

Table 6 Agreement of measurements between planes (transverse and sagittal) for each eye, pre- and post-lumbar puncture

Table 7 Agreement of measurements between eyes (right vs left) for each plane, pre- and post-lumbar puncture

Discussion

This study provides evidence that the use of ONSD measurement via ultrasound (2D/B mode imaging with measurement of the ONSD 3 mm posterior to the globe in supine patients) does not correlate with real-time changes in ICP (as measured in cm of H₂0) in ambulatory patients undergoing an elective lumbar puncture. Linear regression revealed no association between the sagittal, transverse, average, and change in ONSD measurements with the observed LP opening pressure, change in LP pressure, or volume of CSF drained, except for an increase in the ONSD measurement for the left eye transverse plane (average increase of 0.8 mm, p = 0.0451, 95% CI = 0.03–1.1) and the averaged left eye measurements (average increase of 0.63 mm, p = 0.0293, 95% CI = 0.09–1.2).

Our results suggest that clinically significant changes in ONSD measurements via ocular ultrasound may not be seen among ambulatory patients. Only ONSD in the left transverse and left averaged (transverse and sagittal) planes changed before and after LP. The direction of this change was actually an increase in the ONSD, contrary to our hypothesis. Moreover, the magnitude of this change (0.3 mm) is not clinically significant, being much less than the standard deviation of observed ONSD measurements and potentially less than inter-rater and intra-rater variation in measurement. These findings were no different when we separated out the patients with proven elevated ICP.

There was moderate to good correlation between the measured planes (transverse vs sagittal) for the ONSD at the same periods of time (pre-LP vs post-LP). However, there was a wide range of agreement in measurements between left and right eyes (range of agreement 0.33–0.84). This finding suggests an agreement in the ONSD measurement between planes of the same eye, but wider range of agreements between eyes (i.e., asymmetric ONSD among this patient population). This could be due to the underlying etiology of the ONSD enlargement, as many of the patients were presenting for neurologic complaints with workups for multiple sclerosis. Therefore, one explanation may be that the enlargement in a unilateral eye could be due to inflammation (e.g., optic neuritis), as opposed to increased intracranial pressure, and may not demonstrate changes with intracranial pressures. No ONSD measurement in either plane, eye or time period (pre-LP or post-LP) demonstrated a significant relationship with opening intracranial pressure or amount of CSF removed.

A recent publication by Wang et al. reported a higher correlation between ONSD and changes in lumbar puncture (r = 0.724, 95% CI 0.470–0.876; p < 0.001) among patients admitted for suspected elevated ICP [21]. However, their reported statistical correlation may be limited in clinical application. Their results show that a patient with a 20-cm drop in ICP may have a measured ONSD change of as little as 0.5 mm on bedside ultrasound. This raises the question of whether a potential observed change of 0.5 mm is clinically useful or detectable, particularly with previously published inter-rater variability of 0.2–0.3 mm [19]. Furthermore, the validity of these results has been questions, as noted in a letter to the editor addressing this particular publication [22]. Therefore, though studies like this and others support a statistical correlation between changes in ICP and ONSD measurements, it is important to keep in mind potential the clinical limitations and applicability of this measurement when attempting to apply to patient care.

A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 71 studies, inclusive of adult and pediatric populations, report pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of ONSD measurements to be 97% (95% CI 92–99%), 86% (CI 74–93%), 6.93 (CI 3.55–13.54), and 0.04 (CI 0.02–0.10), respectively [10]. However, in contrast to our study, the included papers used in their meta-analysis predominantly come from a patient population with known intracranial pathology (18 with traumatic brain injury, 26 without and 27 mixed). This is in contrast to our study, examining ambulatory patients without known elevations in ICP. We may not have observed as noticeable results with potential etiologies for enlarged ONSD measurements from etiologies other than elevation in ICP. The contrast in patient populations suggests that this method to assess for elevation in ICP via ONSD may not be generalizable to all patient populations.

Limitations

The study has several limitations. First, the study was stopped early secondary to slow enrollment. Patients did not consent to participate in the study at a rate we felt was feasible for continued data collection. Though we did not reach our anticipated target enrollment, there were enough patients to detect some differences between left eye (transverse, averaged transverse and sagittal) ONSD measures pre- and post-LP, and to provide point estimates for the changes in ONSD. The study is also limited in that we used a convenience sample population of ambulatory patients undergoing scheduled lumbar punctures. The majority of this population were white females, potentially limiting generalizability. Moreover, this patient population may have had changes in ONSD from other etiologies, such as inflammation from underlying neurologic condition, opposed to elevated intracranial pressures. Since we used a convenience sample of patients during their scheduled LP, we were only able to record pre- to post- LP within the timeframe of their office visit. We cannot exclude potential changes in ONSD that occur longer after LP.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that there are limitations to the use and application of ONSD ultrasound measurements in ambulatory patients, in contrast to prior studies in critically ill patients [1,2,3, 7,8,9, 11, 23] In this study, we were not able to consistently detect changes in the ONSD across each eye or multiple planes of view. Observed changes in single eyes were too small in magnitude to trust for clinical decision making. We did not observe any correlation between ONSD measurements by ultrasound and opening pressures, change in pressure or amount of CSF removed, either in all patients or in the group of patients with elevated ICP. In addition, we did not find a relationship between enlarged ONSD and ICP.

While point-of-care ultrasound has many applications for bedside assessments and clinical decision making, this study suggests caution in using ultrasound measurements of the ONSD in ambulatory patients.