Fig. 6
From: Femoral vein pulsatility: a simple tool for venous congestion assessment
FVD and CVP waveform in same patient for comparison. A High CVP (mean = 24.4 cmH2O) with ECG correlation. B Corresponding femoral venous Doppler with ECG correlation. As the central pressure rises, the vein rounds out; giving femoral venous Doppler a pulsatile pattern. FVD is an inverse representation of CVP waveform. As the CVP rises and stretches the atrium, the pattern of CVP changes and FVD reflects the same. When CVP rises, Y descent exceeds X descent; accordingly, the FVD ‘d Wave’ being more prominent than the ‘s Wave’. FVD shows a prominent retrograde ‘a Wave’ with velocity of 20 cm/s indicating venous congestion