Table 3 Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) explanation

Visualization

The ability to perceive complex patterns and mentally simulate how they might look when transformed (e.g., rotated, changed in size, partially obscured, and so forth)

Speeded rotations (spatial relations)

The ability to solve problems quickly using the mental rotation of simple images

Closure speed

Ability to quickly identify a familiar meaningful visual object from incomplete (e.g., vague, partially obscured, disconnected) visual stimuli, without knowing in advance what the object is

Flexibility of closure

Ability to identify a visual figure or pattern embedded in a complex distracting or disguised visual pattern or array, when knowing in advance what the pattern is

Visual memory

Ability to remember complex images over short periods of time (less than 30 s)

Spatial scanning

Ability to visualize a path out of a maze or a field with many obstacles

Serial perceptual integration

Ability to recognize an object after only parts of it are shown in rapid succession

Length estimation

The ability to visually estimate the length of objects

Perceptual illusions

The ability to not be fooled by visual illusions

Perceptual alterations

Consistency in the rate of alternating between different visual perceptions

Imagery

Ability to mentally imagine very vivid images