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Table 1 Comparison of echocardiographic, hemodynamic parameters and cardiac biomarkers between left ventricle diastolic dysfunction by classic criteria vs. left atrium strain

From: Left atrial strain is associated with distinct inflammatory and immune profile in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia

All evaluations median (IQR)

Classic DYS (n = 22)

Classic nDYS (n = 55)

Classic DYS vs. nDYS*

Strain DYS (n = 44)

Strain nDYS (n = 33)

Strain DYS vs. nDYS*

Classic DYS vs. strain DYS*

LVEF (%)

55.08 (40.40–63.08)

51.93 (45.02–60.04)

n.s

51.98 (41.40–60.49)

52.67 (47.32–61.64)

n.s

n.s

LV GLS (%)

24.66 (20.85–30.19)

24.06 (20.28–27.80)

n.s

23.72 (18.71–29.00)

25.16 (21.63–28.00)

n.s

n.s

MAPSE (mm)

16.50 (14.70–17.98)

16.20 (15.00–17.80)

n.s

16.05 (14.93–18.25)

16.30 (15.00–17.80)

n.s

n.s

LA-ƐCT (%)

9.66 (6.65–13.23)

11.10 (6.20–15.23)

n.s

6.75 (4.63–9.74)

14.50 (12.69–18.63)

 < 0.0001

0.0577

LA-Ɛ (%)

26.35 (21.13–29.07)

30.00 (19.80–38.42)

0.0582

22.15 (17.80–27.30)

37.50 (33.25–42.01)

 < 0.0001

0.0403

LV A (cm/s)

78.20 (57.95–90.75)

63.45 (55.78–81.98)

n.s

66.35 (55.40–82.25)

64.20 (57.55–93.65)

n.s

n.s

LV E (cm/s)

59.00 (53.75–78.30)

73.10 (63.20–84.60)

0.0041

67.85 (57.45–79.65)

71.50 (60.25–83.30)

n.s

n.s

LV E/A

0.74 (0.62–1.08)

1.08 (0.89–1.33)

0.0005

0.97 (0.76–1.36)

1.03 (0.82–1.29)

n.s

0.0288

LV e' lat (cm/s)

9.65 (7.15–10.78)

10.80 (9.20–12.80)

0.0114

10.45 (8.13–12.80)

9.80 (9.00–11.45)

n.s

n.s

LV e' sep (cm/s)

6.60 (5.80–8.10)

8.50 (7.00–10.10)

0.0087

7.78 (6.50–11.50)

7.90 (6.50–9.20)

n.s

n.s

LV E/e'

7.62 (5.91–9.39)

7.63 (6.72–9.15)

n.s

7.58 (6.24–9.27)

7.80 (6.81–9.20)

n.s

n.s

LV IVCT (msec)

67.00 (51.00–79.00)

85.00 (71.00–103.50)

n.s

70.00 (51.00–79.00)

50.00 (42.00–64.00)

0.0018

n.s

LV pre-ET (msec)

71.50 (56.00–81.25)

71.00 (54.00–88.00)

n.s

74.00 (67.00–88.00)

63.00 (42.50–81.00)

0.0297

n.s

RV FAC (%)

42.34 (31.21–51.15)

43.03 (40.13–52.28)

n.s

41.51 (33.59–48.03)

48.61 (40.96–58.32)

0.0022

n.s

RV GLS (%)

25.99 (19.11–34.27)

24.03 (18.89–29.22)

n.s

21.85 (18.50–29.24)

26.95 (22.38–31.59)

0.0303

n.s

TAPSE (mm)

21.10 (18.88–23.35)

22.30 (20.50–25.00)

n.s

21.55 (19.45–23.35)

22.80 (20.60–25.10)

n.s

n.s

RV S' (cm/s)

14.90 (13.25–16.28)

15.90 (12.40–18.00)

n.s

14.90 (12.65–17.45)

15.80 (12.50–17.60)

n.s

n.s

RV e' (cm/s)

9.40 (6.68–13.43)

10.20 (8.00–14.40)

n.s

11.25 (8.70–14.98)

9.50 (7.65–12.70)

0.0331

n.s

CI (l/min/m2)

2.47 (1.99–3.42)

2.67 (2.20–3.04)

n.s

2.47 (2.01–2.92)

2.83 (2.24–4.11)

0.0473

n.s

NTproBNP (pg/ml)

275.00 (95.30–643.80)

214.00 (84.00–923.00)

n.s

229.50 (79.05–1016.00)

262.00 (107.00–650.00)

n.s

n.s

Troponin (ng/l)

13.00 (13.00–15.17)

13.00 (13–23.70)

n.s

13.00 (13.00–16.55)

13.10 (13.00–20.14)

n.s

n.s

  1. DYS, cardiac dysfunction; nDYS, no cardiac dysfunction; LV, Left ventricle; LVEF, LV ejection fraction; LV GLS, LV global longitudinal strain; MAPSE, Mitral annular plane systolic excursion; LA, Left atrium; LA ƐCT, LA strain contraction function; LA Ɛ, LA strain reservoir function; LV A, LV Atrial contraction wave; LV E, LV Early diastolic filling wave; LV E/A, LV E wave to A wave ratio; LV e' lat, LV tissue doppler lateral e wave; LV e' sep, LV tissue doppler septal e wave; LV E/'e', LV E wave to tissue doppler e wave ratio; LV IVCT, LV isovolumetric contraction time; LV pre-ET, LV pre-ejection time; RV, Right ventricle; RV FAC, RV Fractional area change; RV GLS, RV Global longitudinal strain; TAPSE, Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RV S', RV tissue doppler S wave; RV e', RV tissue doppler lateral e wave; CI, Cardiac index; NTproBNP, NT terminal of prohormone brain natriuretic peptide
  2. *Mann–Whitney test