| |
Sensitivity (95% CI)
|
Specificity (95% CI)
|
Positive likelihood ratio (95% CI)
|
Negative likelihood ratio (95% CI)
|
Accuracy (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Overall physical examination
|
44.0% (30.0–58.8%)
|
88.9% (65.3–98.6%)
|
3.96 (1.03–15.18)
|
0.63 (0.47–0.85)
|
55.9% (44.3–67.9%)
|
|
Individual physical examination findings
|
|
Decreased tactile fremitus
|
68.0% (53.3–80.5%)
|
83.3% (58.6–96.2%)
|
4.08 (1.43–11.7)
|
0.38 (0.24–0.60)
|
72.1% (59–9-82.3%)
|
|
Dullness to percussion
|
94.0% (83.5–98.8%)
|
16.7% (3.6–41.4%)
|
1.13 (0.91–1.40)
|
0.36 (0.08–1.62)
|
73.5% (61.4–83.5%)
|
|
Asymmetric chest wall expansion
|
18% (8.6–31.4%)
|
94.4% (72.7–99.9%)
|
3.24 (0.44–23.81)
|
0.87 (0.73–1.03)
|
38.2% (26.7–50.8%)
|
|
Egophony
|
38.8% (25.2–53.8%)
|
88.9 (65.3–98.6%)
|
3.49 (0.90–13.50)
|
0.69 (0.52–0.91)
|
52.2% (39.7–64.6%)
|
|
Bedside ultrasound examination
|
|
Seated (posterior exam)
|
92% (80.8–97.8%)
|
94.4% (72.7–99.9%)
|
16.6 (2.5–111.4)
|
0.08 (0.03–0.22)
|
92.7% (83.7–97.6%)
|
|
Supine (coronal views)
|
98% (89.4–100%)
|
94.4 (72.7–99.9%)
|
17.6 (2.6–118.6)
|
0.02 (0.00–0.15)
|
97.1% (89.8–99.6%)
|
- Diagnostic parameters and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of physical examination and sonographic findings for pleural effusion
