Physical examination findings
|
Decreased tactile fremitus—No. (%)
|
37 (54)
|
34 (68)
|
3 (17)
|
0.0002
|
Crackles—No (%)
|
30 (44)
|
23 (46)
|
7 (39)
|
0.78
|
Bronchial breath sounds—No. (%)
|
53 (78)
|
39 (78)
|
14 (78)
|
1.00
|
Dullness to percussion—No. (%)
|
62 (91)
|
47 (94)
|
15 (83)
|
0.33
|
Asymmetric chest wall expansion—No. (%)
|
10 (15)
|
9 (18)
|
1 (6)
|
0.27
|
Egophony—No. (%)
|
21 (31)
|
19 (38)
|
2 (11)
|
0.04
|
PE diagnosis—No. (%)
| | | | |
Normal/diaphragm
|
41 (60)
|
25 (50)
|
16 (89)
|
0.005
|
Pleural effusion
|
24 (35)
|
22 (44)
|
2 (11)
|
0.02
|
Other (consolidation/atelectasis)
|
10 (15)
|
8 (16)
|
2 (11)
|
1.00
|
Median level of confidence (interquartile range) out of 5
|
3 (2–4)
|
3 (1–4)
|
3.5 (2–4)
|
0.04
|
Not at all confident—No. (%)
|
14 (21)
|
13 (26)
|
1 (6)
|
0.09
|
Somewhat not confident—No. (%)
|
14 (21)
|
10 (20)
|
4 (22)
| |
Neutral—No. (%)
|
16 (24)
|
12 (24)
|
4 (22)
| |
Somewhat confident—No. (%)
|
22 (32)
|
15 (30)
|
7 (39)
| |
Very confident—No. (%)
|
2 (3)
|
0
|
2 (11)
| |
Bedside ultrasound (US) findings
|
Seated, posterior US exam
|
Ultrasound diagnosis as pleural effusion
|
47 (69%)
|
46 (92)
|
1 (6)
|
< 0.0001
|
Median level of confidence of seated, posterior US exam (interquartile range) out of 5
|
5 (4–5)
|
5 (5–5)
|
5 (4–5)
|
0.10
|
Not at all confident—No. (%)
|
5 (7)
|
4 (8)
|
1 (6)
|
0.15
|
Somewhat not confident—No. (%)
|
0
|
0
|
0
| |
Neutral—No. (%)
|
0
|
0
|
0
| |
Somewhat confident—No. (%)
|
10 (15)
|
5 (1)
|
5 (28)
| |
Very confident—No. (%)
|
48 (71)
|
38 (76)
|
10 (56)
| |
Missing responses
|
5 (7)
|
3 (6)
|
2 (11)
| |
Supine, coronal view US exam
|
Ultrasound diagnosis as pleural effusion (positive spine sign)
|
50 (74%)
|
49 (98)
|
1 (6)
|
< 0.0001
|
Median level of confidence of supine US exam (interquartile range) out of 5
|
5 (5–5)
|
5 (5–5)
|
5 (4–5)
|
0.09
|
Not at all confident—No. (%)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.12
|
Somewhat not confident—No. (%)
|
1 (1)
|
0
|
1 (6)
| |
Neutral—No. (%)
|
1 (1)
|
1 (2)
|
0
| |
Somewhat confident—No. (%)
|
11 (17)
|
6 (12)
|
5 (28)
| |
Very confident—No. (%)
|
53 (78)
|
41 (82)
|
12 (67)
| |
Missing responses—No. (%)
|
2 (3)
|
2 (4)
|
0
| |