Table 8 Summary of test accuracy findings in musculoskeletal ultrasound

Ulnar ligamentous strain injuries

Lee and Yun [188]

EP

South Korea

1 week

NR

31

MRI

97.2 (92.0–99.4)

96.8 (93.5–98.7)

30.4^a

0.03^a

Oguz et al. [187]

EP

Turkey

NR

19

46

MRI

66.7 (41.7– 84.8)

100 (94.4–100)

∞^a

0.333^a

Ankle anterior talofibular ligament strain injury

Gün et al. [189]

EP

Turkey

6 h.

49

34

MRI

93.8 (79.2–99.2)

100 (89.4–100)

∞

0.06

Lee and Yun [190]

EP

South Korea

1 week

77

27

MRI

98.5 (91.7–100)

95.0 (75.1–99.9)

19.7^a

0.0158^a

Ankle calcaneofibular ligament injury

Lee and Yun [190]

EP

South Korea

1 week

21

27

MRI

96.4 (81.7–99.9)

100 (81.5, 100)

∞^a

0.0360^a

Achilles tendon rupture

Lee and Yun [190]

EP

South Korea

1 week

8

27

MRI

100 (59.0–100)

100 (95.4–100)

∞^a

0^a

Hip effusion (paediatric)

Cruz et al. [194]

EP

USA

NR

926

6

Final diagnosis

85 (79–89)

98 (96–99)

43^a

0.15^a

Vieira and Levy [193]

EP

USA

30 min

43

8

Radiologist performed US

80 (51–95)

98 (85–99)

32^a (4.5–225)^a

0.21^a (0.07–0.57)^a

Extremity tendon laceration

Wu et al. [191]

EP

USA

2 h.

38

> 16

Wound exploration or MRI

100 (75–100)^a

95 (76–100)

20^a

0^a

Mohammadrezai et al. [192]

EP

Iran

6 h.

30

30

Wound exploration

94.4 (72.7–99.8)

100.0 (91.5–100.0)

∞^a

0.06 (0.01–0.37)

Shoulder dislocation

Gottlieb et al. [196]

EP

MA (7)

–

12–60

35

X-ray

99.1 (84.9–100)

99.9 (88.9–100)

796.2 (8.0–79,086)

0.01 (0–0.17)

ACL or PCL ruptures

Lee and Yun [197]

EP

South Korea

1 week

73

29

MRI

92.2 (81.1–97.8)

95.9 (88.5–99.1)

22.5^a

0.0813^a

Skull fractures (paediatric)

Weinberg et al. [198]

EP

USA

1 h.

10

NR

CT

100 (20–100)

100 (79–100)

∞

0

Riera and Chen [199]

EP

USA

NR

24

2

CT

82 (48–97)

94 (79–99)

14^a

0.085^a

Parri et al. [200]

EP

Italia

1 h.

64

3.7

CT

100 (88.2–100)

95.0 (75.0–99.9)

20^a

0^a

Rabiner et al. [201]

EP

USA

30 m.

12

6.4

CT

88 (53–98)

97 (89–99)

27 (7–107)

0.13 (0.02–0.81)

Choi et al. [202]

EP

South Korea

1 h.

15

21 months

CT

76.9 (46.0–93.8)

100 (93.9–100)

∞^a

0.231^a

Parri et al. [203]

EP

Italia

NR

84

8 months

CT

90.9 (82.9–96.0)

85.2 (66.3–95.8)

6.14^a (2.48–15.2)^a

0.11^a (0.05–0.21)^a

Clavicle

Cross et al. [204]

EP

USA

NR

43

11

X-ray

95 (83–99)

96 (87–99)

27 (7–106)

0.05 (0.01–0.19)

Weinberg et al. [198]

EP

USA

1 h.

60

NR

X-ray

89 (51–99)

83 (36–99)

5.3 (0.87–32.4)

0.13 (0.01–0.90)

Chien et al. [205]

EP

USA

15 m.

67

7

X-ray

89.7 (75.8–97.1)

89.5 (66.9–98.7)

8.53

0.11

Elbow fractures (paediatric)

Lee and Yun [206]

EP

MA (5)^b

NR

44

6–9

X-ray

95 (87–100)

94 (88–100)

16^a

0.053

Forearm fractures (paediatric)

Chartier et al. [208]

EP^c

MA (10)

NR

NR

NR

NR

X-ray

93.1 (87.2–96.4)

92.9 (86.6–96.4)

14.1 (6.71–25)

0.08 (0.04–0.15)

Hedelin et al. [209]

EP

Sweden

1.5 h.

65

11

X-ray

97.4 (90.9–99.7)

84 (67.2–94.7)

6.23^a (2.78–13.96)^a

0.03^a (0.01–0.12)^a

Rowlands et al. [210]

EP

Australia

3.5 h.

56

9

X-ray

91.5 (87.1–94.7)^a

87.5 (81.9–92.0)^a

7.36^a (5.01–10.8)^a

0.10^a (0.06–0.15)^a

Distal forearm fractures (all ages)

Douma-den Hamer et al. [211]

EP^c

MA (16)

NR

53

NR

X-ray

97 (93–99)

95 (89–98)

20 (8.5–47.2)

0.03 (0.01–0.08)

Sivrikaya et al. [212]

EP

Turkey

47

CT/X-ray and orthopaedic evaluation

97.4 (90.2e99.5)

92.6 (85.5–96.5)

13.1 (6.7–25.6)

0.02 (0–0.10)

Wrist fracture (any)

Oguz et al. [187]

EP

Turkey

NR

80

46

X-ray and/or CT

95.31 (87.10–98.39)

93.75 (71.67–98.89)

15.25^a (2.28–101)^a

0.05^a (0.02–0.15)^a

Metacarpal or phalangeal fractures

Tayal et al. [213]

EP

USA

NR

40

34

X-ray or surgical findings

90 (74–97)

98 (95–100)

42.5 (NR)

0.1 (NR)

Neri et al. [214]

EP^d

Italy

2 h.

39

12

X-ray

91.5 (84.4–98.7)

96.8 (93.2–100)

28.7^a (9.39–87.5)^a

0.09^a (0.04–0.20)^a

Metacarpal fractures

Kozaci et al. [215]

EP

Turkey

NR

55

24

X-ray (reported by EPs)

92 (NR)

87 (NR)

7.1^a

0.091^a

Kocaoğlu et al. [219]

EP

Turkey

40

30

X-ray (reported by EP)

92.5 (78.5–98.0)

98.3 (89.5–99.9)

54.4^a

0.08^a

Fifth metacarpal fracture

Aksay et al. [216]

EP

Turkey

1 h.

48

28

X-ray (reported by OS) or CT

97.4 (84.9–99.9)

92.9 (79.4–98.1)

14 (4.58–41)

0.03 (0.00–0.19)

Proximal or middle phalanx fracture

Aksay et al. [217]

EP

Turkey

NR

24

27

X-ray (reported by OS)

79.3 (59.7–91.2)

90 (81.4–95)

7.93 (4.15–15)

0.23 (0.11–0.47)

Distal phalanx fracture

Gungor et al. [218]

EP

Turkey

3 h.

29

32

X-ray reported by EP

100 (79–100)

98 (91–100)

59 (8–412)

0

Nail bed injury

Gungor et al. [218]

EP

Turkey

3 h.

73

32

Visual inspection

93 (80–99)

100 (74–100)

∞

0.06 (0.02–0.23)

Tibia and/or fibula (anywhere)

Kozaci et al. [220]

EP

Turkey

2 h.

34

5–55

X-ray reported by EP

100 (84–100)^a

93 (80–98)^a

13.7^a (4.60–40.6)^a

0^a

Medial or lateral malleolus fracture

Chartier et al. [208]

EP^c

MA (4)

NR

609^a

7–23

Adults

X-ray and/or CT

89.5 (77.0–95.6)

94.2 (86.1–97.7)

16.4 (6.57–33.5)

0.12 (0.05–0.24)

Lateral malleolus

Ozturk et al. [223]

EP

Turkey

2 h.

35

41

X-ray and/or CT evaluated by OS

100 (90–100)

93 (85–98)

8.4 (3.6–19.3)

0

Malleolar fracture OR fifth metatarsal fracture

Tollefson et al. [222]

EP

USA

1 h.

36

35

X-ray reported by radiologist

100 (78–100)

100 (87–100)

∞^a

0^a

Navicular fracture

Atilla et al. [221]

EP

Turkey

4 h.

15

37

X-ray and/or CT evaluated by OS

40 (7–83)

93 (76–99)

5.7^a

0.65^a

Fifth metatarsal fracture

Atilla et al. [221]

EP

Turkey

4 h.

30

37

X-ray and/or CT evaluated by OS

100 (85–100)

96 (87–99)

25^a

0^a

Yesilaras et al. [224]

EP

Turkey

41

36

X-ray reported by OS

97.1 (82.9–99.8)

100 (91.1–100)

∞

0.03 (0.01–0.21)

Kozaci et al. [225]

EP

Turkey

2 h.

39

5–55

X-ray reported by EP

93 (77–99)^a

89 (75–96)^a

8.17^a (3.56–18.7)^a

0.08^a (0.02–0.31)^a