Table 1 Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of study subjects

Age, mean in years

57.2

55.9

0.77

58.5

Gender, female n (%)

7 (38.9%)

8 (61.5%)

0.29

116 (49.4%)

African American, n (%)

18 (100%)

13 (100%)

1.0

218 (92.8%)

DM, n (%)

7 (38.9%)

4 (30.8%)

0.72

100 (42.6%)

CAD, n (%)

9 (50.0%)

10 (76.9%)

0.16

HTN, n (%)

16 (88.9%)

11 (84.6%)

1.0

224 (95.3%)

CKD, n (%)

5 (27.8%)

2 (15.4%)

0.67

76 (32.3%)

COPD, n (%)

7 (38.9%)

5 (38.5%)

1.0

109 (46.6%)

Systolic BP at baseline, mean

165.3 mm Hg

172.9 mm Hg

0.51

160.0 mm Hg

NIPPV support

4 (22.2%)

2 (15.4%)

0.63

10 (4.3%)

NT-proBNP, median

6787 pg/mL (IQR 3353–9077)

6022 pg/mL (IQR 2179–10,434)

0.61

3345 pg/mL (IQR 1335–8413)

Any troponin in first 23 h > 99th percentile limit, n (%)

10 (55.6%)

8 (61.5%)

0.74

140 (59.6%)

Creatinine, mean

1.88 mg/dL

1.68 mg/dL

0.78

1.2 mg/dL

Vasodilator therapy, n (%)

5 (27.8%)

6 (46.2%)

0.45

77 (32.8%)

Inotropic therapy, n (%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1.0

1 (0.4%)

Diuretic dosage in first 23 h, mean

63.3 mg

67.7 mg

0.75

42.6 mg

Echocardiographic data

 LVEF (%), mean (95% CI)

32 (26, 41)

33 (26, 41)

0.98

43%

 Baseline GLS (%), mean (95% CI)

− 5.7 (− 7.0, − 4.3)

− 7.7 (− 10.0, − 5.4)

0.09

N/A

 23-h GLS (%), mean (95% CI)

− 7.1 (− 8.6, − 5.7)

− 8.2 (− 10.6, − 5.7)

0.42

N/A

 Absolute change GLS (%), mean (95% CI)

− 1.48 (− 2.5, − 0.43)

− 0.45 (− 1.49, 0.59)

0.09

N/A

 Percentage change GLS (%), mean (95% CI)

− 61.9 (− 126, 2.3)

− 8.1 (− 27.3, 11.1)

0.08

N/A

 Baseline MDI (ms), mean (95% CI)

84 (67, 101)

66 (55, 76)

0.07

N/A

 23-h MDI (ms), mean (95% CI)

64 (57, 70)

70 (59, 81)

0.26

N/A

 Absolute change MDI (ms), mean (95% CI)

− 20 (− 34.6, − 5.4)

4.3 (− 6.8, 15.3)

0.007

N/A

 Percentage change MDI (%), mean (95% CI)

− 16.7 (− 28.8, − 4.7)

11.0 (− 6.8, 28.8)

0.008

N/A