Selection bias | Performance bias | Detection bias | Attrition bias | Reporting bias | Other bias | Overall risk of bias | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other sources of bias | ||
Pre and post-test studies | ||||||||
Noble et al. [13]. 2009 | # | # | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | Low |
Oveland et al. [14]. 2013 | # | # | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | High |
Breitkreutz et al. [15]. 2013 | # | # | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ? | Low |
Cuca et al. [16]. 2013 | # | # | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ? | High |
Hulett et al. [17]. 2014 | # | # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | High |
Bhat et al. [18]. 2015 | # | # | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | High |
Connolly et al. [19]. 2014 | # | # | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | High |
Dinh et al. [20]. 2015 | # | # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ? | High |
Heiberg et al. [21]. 2015 | # | # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | High |
Sanchez-de-Toledo et al. [22]. 2016 | # | # | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | Low |
See et al. [23]. 2016 | # | # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ? | High |
Greenstein et al. [24]. 2016 | # | # | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | High |
Descriptive studies | ||||||||
Krishnan et al. [25]. 2013 | # | # | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | Low |
Abbasi et al. [26]. 2012 | # | # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ? | High |
Gargani et al. [27]. 2016 | # | # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ? | High |
Randomized controlled trial | ||||||||
Edrich et al. [28]. 2016 | ? | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | Low |