Table 1 Direct and indirect signs of gastrointestinal perforation at Ultrasonography
From: Gastrointestinal perforation: ultrasonographic diagnosis
DIRECT SIGNS | Pneumoperitoneum | • Increased echogenicity of peritoneal stripe • Step between air in costophrenic sinus and abdominal gas reflex |
|---|---|---|
Pneumoretroperitoneum | • Air around duodenum and the head of the pancreas • Vanishing vessels • Renal rind sign | |
INDIRECT SIGNS | • Intraperitoneal free fluid • Air bubbles in ascitic fluid • Thickened bowel loop • Bowel or gallbladder thickened wall with ileus |