Table 1 Direct and indirect signs of gastrointestinal perforation at Ultrasonography
From: Gastrointestinal perforation: ultrasonographic diagnosis
| DIRECT SIGNS | Pneumoperitoneum |
• Increased echogenicity of peritoneal stripe • Step between air in costophrenic sinus and abdominal gas reflex |
|---|---|---|
| Pneumoretroperitoneum |
• Air around duodenum and the head of the pancreas • Vanishing vessels • Renal rind sign | |
| INDIRECT SIGNS |
• Intraperitoneal free fluid • Air bubbles in ascitic fluid • Thickened bowel loop • Bowel or gallbladder thickened wall with ileus |