Table 3 Responses to theoretical fundamentals in TUS usage
From: Overview of ultrasound usage trends in orthopedic and sports physiotherapy
Variables | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
Source of ultrasonic energy | ||
Inverse piezoelectric effect | 8 | 16.0 |
Piezoelectric effect | 6 | 12.0 |
Mechanical waves | 3 | 6.0 |
Sound waves | 7 | 14.0 |
Crystal movement | 10 | 20.0 |
Interaction cell by cell | 2 | 4.0 |
Electrolytic waves | 1 | 2.0 |
Electric energy | 1 | 2.0 |
N/A | 12 | 24.0 |
Interaction of ultrasonic energy with biological tissues | ||
Mechanical vibration | 21 | 42.0 |
Moderate discomfort | 6 | 12.0 |
Sound waves | 6 | 12.0 |
Through the gel | 1 | 2.0 |
Chemotaxis | 1 | 2.0 |
Impedance | 1 | 2.0 |
Increased metabolism | 1 | 2.0 |
N/A | 13 | 26.0 |
Physiological effects | ||
Increase in cell membrane permeability | 1 | 2.0 |
Increased metabolism | 13 | 26.0 |
Tissue repair | 14 | 28.0 |
Pro-inflammatory effect | 25 | 50.0 |
Analgesia | 19 | 38.0 |
Vasodilation | 13 | 26.0 |
Edema reduction | 5 | 10.0 |
Bone consolidation | 2 | 4.0 |
Moderate discomfort | 1 | 2.0 |
N/A | 5 | 10.0 |
Gel importance | ||
Mechanical wave propagation | 41 | 85.4 |
Sliding of transducer's head | 2 | 4.2 |
Good functioning of the machine | 1 | 2.1 |
To avoid cavitation on the transducer's head | 1 | 2.1 |
To provide full contact | 1 | 2.1 |
N/A | 3 | 6.3 |
Absolute contraindication | ||
Gravidic uterus | 11 | 22.9 |
Metal plates | 15 | 31.3 |
Exposed wounds | 10 | 20.8 |
Pacemakers | 6 | 12.5 |
Gonads | 5 | 10.4 |
Neoplasms | 21 | 43.8 |
Epiphyseal plate | 14 | 29.2 |
Carotid sinus | 3 | 6.3 |
Ocular globe | 2 | 4.2 |
Arthrosis | 3 | 6.3 |
Osteoporosis | 1 | 2.1 |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | 2 | 4.2 |
N/A | 2 | 4.2 |